Stone fence posts kansas - In north-central Kansas, fence posts made of limestone dot the landscape. Split from a layer in the Greenhorn Limestone formation called the Fencepost limestone, stone …

 
Jul 1, 2022 · 7. Stone Fences. In regions abundant with natural stones and rocks, farmers would need to remove the stones from the field to clear it for plowing. This was especially true in New England’s glacier-formed topography which meant a wealth of fieldstone. This gave rise to stone walls or fences which also separated their fields for livestock and .... Badlands 12000 winch wiring diagram

Kansas Post Rock Limestone Coalition, Lucas, Kansas. 2,392 likes · 9 talking about this. We're a group of individuals and communities who are linked by the Greenhorn Limestone formation in CFind the perfect old stone fence post gate stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing.Mar 13, 2019 · One at a time, every 15 feet, these post rocks were set. A finished fence line contained an average of 320 posts per mile. Corner posts were propped to remain in vertical position by leaning other stone posts against them at a 45-degree angle. To accommodate the barbed wire connecting the posts, each post had to be drilled at the edges. 23 hours ago · Fences come in many different heights, styles and are made of several types of materials. We’ve gathered a bunch of fence designs so you can find one that is right for your yard, whether you’re looking for a front yard fence that will add to your home’s style such as a picket fence in front of your cottage or a split-rail fence to go with ...Greg Rud. $17. Rock Fence Post Kansas DSC06511 Photograph. Greg Kluempers. $32. 1 - 48 of 48 limestone fence posts art for sale. Department Wall Art. Product All.Kansas Post Rock Limestone Coalition, Lucas, Kansas. 2,392 likes · 9 talking about this. We're a group of individuals and communities who are linked by the Greenhorn Limestone formation in C Kansas Post Rock Limestone Coalition Apr 8, 2021 · Backfill with a mix of soil and sharp gravel, and keep tamping it down with something long and thin. When you reach the top of the hole, shovel a good amount of the mix around the base of the post, forming a mound that lets water run down. Repeat, for every single post. Dirt-setting fence posts is a great workout.Panhandle Rancher-Philosopher Delbert Trew once mentioned that the stone supports for the twin barbed-wire globes in front of the Barb Wire Museum in McLean were actually limestone fence posts. I asked for their story and, once again, Mr. Trew came through. He said that they came from the farm of his brother-in-law's parents near Bazine, Kansas.SimTek decorative walls offer elegance, privacy, and security for your yard. Comes pre assembled making this fence perfect for the do-it-yourself type. Made with polyethylene plastic and reinforced with galvanized steel. Acts as an excellent sound barrier. Tested minus 40° to 140°F.A vinyl fence cost takes into consideration labor and materials, the fence length (linear feet), height, color, design and gates, if applicable. The national average is about $3950, with prices ranging from $2200 to $5700.Mar 14, 2018 · Tamp the crushed stone, add the sand and tamp that down. Build the concrete form out of 2-by-4 lumber and level it on top of the sand. Mix enough concrete to fill the form and pour it in, using a shovel to “poke” at the concrete and settle it. Use a scrap 2-by-4 to level the concrete with the top of the form.Stone fence post, Ness or Rush County, Kansas - Kansas Memory Mobile. Menu. Stone fence post, Ness or Rush County, Kansas. Thank you ... View Larger Image. This black and white photograph shows a view of stone fence posts in Ness or Rush County, Kansas. Date: Between 1950 and 1959 Creator: Kansas Industrial Development Commission Item ...Limestone Fence Posts R E C L A I M E D A N T I Q U E S T O N E The signature item of central Kansas. Every limestone fence post is beautiful and unique. (Restoration, Relocation, Installation and Design services available.) Stone fence post, Ness or Rush County, Kansas - Kansas Memory Mobile. Menu. Stone fence post, Ness or Rush County, Kansas. Thank you ... View Larger Image. This black and white photograph shows a view of stone fence posts in Ness or Rush County, Kansas. Date: Between 1950 and 1959 Creator: Kansas Industrial Development Commission Item ...Check out our stone fences selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces ... Vintage Stone Fence, Kansas Prairie, Farm Scene, Nebraska Landscape Photo ... $ 19.00. Add to Favorites O/On30 1:48 Scale Stone Fence Posts (set of 10) for wargaming, diorama, model railroading frenchmanriver. 5 out of 5 stars (102 ...Find the perfect stone fence post stock photo, image, vector, illustration or 360 image. Available for both RF and RM licensing. Save up to 30% when you upgrade to an image pack. Stock photos, 360° images, vectors and videos.Stone Fence Posts in Kansas City on YP.com. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for the best Fence Materials in Kansas City, KS.Sep 20, 2017 · Remember, if water can get in you need to provide a way for it to get out. Crushed gravel, being porous, allows water movement both ways. Concrete can trap water that get in between the post and the concrete, and the wood can get compressed over time rendering the post wobbly in the concrete. Oct 27, 2017 at 18:55.Jun 30, 2022 · Use metal posts to spice up a wood fence and add contrast within the structure. Photo: Westbury. 7/50. 7. A basket weave fence ... A stone fence can be more expensive on the front end, ...Often because of its name and unique use, Fencepost Limestone is identified with stone posts- neglecting its primary use as building stone. Even settlers with little knowledge of how to quarry or lay stone used it to …The stone fences were put up by early settlers. When the government abolished open range, they paid people to put up the fences. Since there weren’t trees …May 29, 2023 · Snowdon Timber Garden FP448 Fence Post Pressure Treated (H) 2.4m (W) 100mm. Snowdon Timber Garden FP338 Fence Post Pressure Treated (H) 2.4m (W) 75mm 2 Pack. Find a wide range of fence posts for your garden here at B&Q. Choose from a great range of wooden & concrete fence posts, with free Click & Collect.Dec 17, 2021 · It started on Dec. 15 with record-high winds and drought conditions that flared into fires that have, according to the Kansas Fire Service, impacted nearly 400,000 acres, primarily in Ellis, Russell, Osborne, and Rooks Counties in the north central portion of the state. Dubbed the Four County Fire, crews were still working Thursday morning to ... These stone fence posts found are examples of the many still in use in this portion of Kansas. In an area where wood for posts was scarce, settlers used the materials at hand. The Greenhorn “post rock” was split from limestone strata, and with a little working, posts were created.The stone is unique to other stones in the United States, and the stone fits a need we had. Stone use through Kansas’s history shows the durability of the stone. Due to the lack of trees in Kansas, early stone was quarried and fabricated to create strong, durable fence posts giving the area the nickname “The Land of the Rock Post.”With few trees available, they quarried a thin, shallow bed of Cretaceous limestone for buildings, bridges, and fenceposts. No area of the world has used a single rock formation so extensively for fencing. Today that rock layer is called Fencepost limestone and north-central Kansas is known as the Land of the Post Rock." Date: 21 July 2016, …The 1867 law abolishing the open range provided for payment of 40 cents per rod (16½ ft.) to landowners to build and maintain a 4½ ft. stone fence. (A historical marker located near Alma in Wabaunsee County, Kansas.)The face of a young woman now adorns the limestone post. Partially hidden in tall grass atop the eastern slope of a shallow ditch off Kansas Highway 232, Whitman has toiled for hours with a hammer ...Mar 14, 2023 · If you see a painted purple fence, it means you’re about to trespass. The purple paint serves as a “No Trespassing” sign with staying power. Because signs often get lost, damaged or stolen, purple paint is a more permanent warning to people about entering private property. An iron horseshoe above a door is meant to bring luck.Stone fence post, Ness or Rush County, Kansas. Dates: Between 1950 and 1959. Creator: Kansas Industrial Development Commission. This black and white photograph shows a view of stone fence posts in Ness or Rush County, Kansas. About Hours and directions Contact Newsroom Boards Who we are Get involved.English: Stone fence posts in a land of scare wood, Santa Fe Trail Center, Larned, Kansas. Date, 31 May 2012, 11:19:30.May 22, 2012 · The stone fences were put up by early settlers. When the government abolished open range, they paid people to put up the fences. Since there weren’t trees here, they used stones. The government paid 40 cents a rod, and a rod was 16 1/2 feet. They had to be 4 and a half foot tall to get the 40 cents. A 160-acre-property required 360 posts and 40,000 feet of wire. (In the 1880s barbed wire started to become popular, which helped make wire-and-post fencing much more feasible and cheaper.) To cut the stone posts, which were generally eight to twelve inches thick—depending upon the layer quarried—masons used a plug and feather technique.During the long Neolithic period, from 6800 to 3200 B.C., shelters were built using thick timber posts, clay and stone for the foundation and walls, while roofs were made from tree trunks, clay and hay.Mar 16, 2022 · A farmer and his horses wander down a lane edged by stone fences. SHEBOYGAN COUNTY — Stone fences once crisscrossed the hilly landscape of western Sheboygan County, dividing farm fields into manageable sizes and ridding the arable land of its limestone litter left by the last glacier. A five-acre field broken by a single horse and a …SimTek. UNPARALLELED PERFORMANCE AND STYLE. Transform your ordinary outdoor area into an exterior living space that adds value and style. Featuring innovative colors, styles, and textures, SimTek® fence products from CertainTeed® are engineered for outstanding strength and long-lasting beauty. TWO LOOKS THAT STAND THE TEST OF TIME.Lacking wood for fence posts on a treeless prairie, early settlers in north-central Kansas quarried limestone posts, stuck them along the edges of their fields, and strung newly invented barbed wire from post to post to …The Post Rock Museum in Lacrosse, Kansas is housed in a native stone house built by homesteader Dan Haley, southwest of Nekoma in 1883. The house was moved to its current location in 1963. The museum includes an authentic stone quarry re-creation illustrating the methods used to cut posts for fencing as well as tools and items depicting the history of …Customizing a stone post is a very special way to express yourself or to give as a gift! All of our Postrock limestone posts are actual fence posts that have been in use in the last …Mar 17, 2014 - What is more characteristic of Kansas than native stone! Kansans have used native stone for fence posts, libraries, churches, fences, bridges, and jails. This is a collection of my images of Kansas native stone structures in all of their variety and beauty. . See more ideas about kansas, my images, scenic byway.SimTek 12′ tall simulated stone privacy fence is soundproof and approved with IDOT for use in various Department of Transportation projects. It costs significantly less than a traditional precast concrete sound wall and is available in 6′, 8′, 9′, 12′, or 16′ tall variations. You can choose from five different color options ...The stone was quarried in up to 20-foot lengths which were laid with dovetailed corners similar to a log cabin. Sometimes, art also is right below our feet. Enjoying the Post Rock Country, we traveled eight miles north of Sylvan Grove where just off K-181 is an amazing 1908 double arched stone bridge that once supported the highway over ...LIMESTONE ENGRAVING. Limestone Engraving is a family owned, third generation, stone engraving business with over twenty years of combined experience. What started as a hobby, quickly became a passion and a business in small town Larned, Kansas. At Limestone Engraving, all engraving and rock work is done by hand with extreme …It started on Dec. 15 with record-high winds and drought conditions that flared into fires that have, according to the Kansas Fire Service, impacted nearly 400,000 acres, primarily in Ellis, Russell, Osborne, and Rooks Counties in the north central portion of the state. Dubbed the Four County Fire, crews were still working Thursday morning to ...Eastern and central Kansas it was stone fences but there are trees now. Still hardly any trees between Hays, Kansas and near Denver, maybe 350 miles. They had the indian fighten' soldiers building the fences, and the roads, when there weren't any indians acting up. Post rock is a big deal all over the state now.Mar 14, 2023 · If you see a painted purple fence, it means you’re about to trespass. The purple paint serves as a “No Trespassing” sign with staying power. Because signs often get lost, damaged or stolen, purple paint is a more permanent warning to people about entering private property. An iron horseshoe above a door is meant to bring luck.The 1867 law abolishing the open range provided for the payment of 40 cents per rod (16.5 feet) to landowners to build and maintain a 4.5 foot tall stone fence. Stone was plentiful and Kansas pioneers built miles of fences. - Wabaunsee County Historical Society marker (Photo by Dan Skinner)Mar 17, 2014 - What is more characteristic of Kansas than native stone! Kansans have used native stone for fence posts, libraries, churches, fences, bridges, and jails. This is a collection of my images of Kansas native stone structures in all of their variety and beauty. . See more ideas about kansas, my images, scenic byway.Jul 12, 2021 · For marking fence posts, any type of paint will work, so feel free to use whatever’s left over from a painting project. For trees, use only latex paint, not oil-based; the latter can be harmful ...According to Wikipedia “Fencepost limestone, Post Rock limestone, or Stone Post is a stone bed in the Great Plains notable for its historic use as fencing and construction material in north-central Kansas resulting in unique cultural expression.” Its most famous use was miles and miles of stone fence post along the country highways.LIMESTONE ENGRAVING. Limestone Engraving is a family owned, third generation, stone engraving business with over twenty years of combined experience. What started as a hobby, quickly became a passion and a business in small town Larned, Kansas. At Limestone Engraving, all engraving and rock work is done by hand with extreme attention to detail. Stone Fencing and Welding , Louisburg, Kansas. 23 likes · 24 talking about this. Pipe fences, barb wire fences, entryways, corrals, welding repairs, fence repair ...Post Rock Country. Lacking wood for fence posts on a treeless prairie, early settlers in north-central Kansas quarried limestone posts, stuck them along the edges of their fields, and strung newly invented barbed wire from post to post to mark their property.All limestone fence posts artwork ships within 48 hours and includes a 30-day money-back guarantee. ... Kansas Pasture with a Stone Post fence Digital Art. Robert D Brozek. $14. More from This Artist Similar Designs. Kansas Country Limestone Fence Post close up with grass Photograph.The Kansas plains are know for their lack of wood but I was surprised to see stone fence posts. At least they will not rot. Necessity is the mother of... Forums. New posts Search forums. What's new. New posts New media New media comments New profile posts Latest activity.SmartStone Systems have made the construction of pillars, columns and fence posts simple, super fast and affordable. No wet mortar mess, simply stack the sections together, job done. Super lightweight for easy handling. STRUCTURAL Hollow centres allow concrete core fill when gates or other heavy items are to be affixed. Weighing in at just a ...Jan 27, 2009 · A 160-acre-property required 360 posts and 40,000 feet of wire. (In the 1880s barbed wire started to become popular, which helped make wire-and-post fencing much more feasible and cheaper.) To cut the stone posts, which were generally eight to twelve inches thick—depending upon the layer quarried—masons used a plug and feather technique. The material from which the fence posts are made is said to date back 60 million to 130 million years. Then, Kansas lay under an ocean, and shells and sediment eventually formed layers hundreds of ...Oct 10, 2023 · Composite fencing is a great alternative to traditional wood fencing because it doesn’t warp or rot when exposed to moisture, plus avoids the risk of splinters for children and guests. Composite materials such as aluminum and plastic fencing are non-porous, which means the fence and fence posts last longer because the material keeps out …... Kansas mausoleum Stock Photo. RF JFXRPJ–Garden of Eden Lucas Kansas mausoleum. Stone patio Stock Photo. RF 2ARHKEB–Stone patio. Dry Valley of Limestone, Malham ...Each stone fence post is uniform in thickness, usually between 8” and 12”. They are generally between 5 feet and 6 feet tall, and weigh between 350 to 400 pounds. Imagine …Stone signs are an economical and elegant long-lasting solution to identify towns, neighborhoods, housing developments, businesses, golf courses and parks. Stone signs will outlast other type of signs, require virtually no maintenance, and rarely need replacing. We also have boulders in lots of sizes and authentic stone fence posts from Kansas. Fencepost limestone, Post Rock limestone, or Stone Post is a stone bed in the Great Plains notable for its historic use as fencing and construction material in north-central Kansas resulting in unique cultural expression. The source of this stone is the topmost layer of the Greenhorn Limestone formation.It is a regional marker bed as well as a valued construction material of the late 19th and ...44 E Us Highway 69. Kansas City, MO 64119. From Business: Forged of fire and iron, and tempered with centuries of knowledge. Born of an ancient art once lost, a vision reborn to a modern age with modern purpose. Austin…. 10. Best Fence Co. Fence Materials Fence-Sales, Service & Contractors. 30. 1. Stone Fence Posts Mid-Western Kansas 1880's Marker. Inscription. Quarried from Limestone. Please note the fossil shells on the middle and right hand posts. The material itself dates from the Cretaceous period when it was deposited in a sea. Using this 70 million year old material settlers quarried it out by first drilling holes then using ...Feb 4, 2021 · So it was no surprise that some intrepid soul had transformed the region’s ubiquitous stone fence posts into sculptures. Even without the handful of posts-turned-sculptures, the 18-mile Post Rock Scenic Byway is worth seeing. The route winds through the Smoky Hills along K-232 from I-70 to K-18, connecting the towns of Wilson and Lucas. Beloit Kansas "Land Of Post Rock" Stone Fence Posts Vintage Standard View Postcard Postcard Enclosed in Clear Sleeve Placed Between 2 Pieces of Cardboard ...related to: limestone fence posts for sale. North 40 Outfitters - Fencing Supplies & Materials ... Posts & Electric Fencing Equipment. Large Variety of Farm & Ranch Fencing to Help Secure Animals ...Mar 16, 2022 · A farmer and his horses wander down a lane edged by stone fences. SHEBOYGAN COUNTY — Stone fences once crisscrossed the hilly landscape of western Sheboygan County, dividing farm fields into manageable sizes and ridding the arable land of its limestone litter left by the last glacier. A five-acre field broken by a single horse and a …Whether it's a hand-crafted garden bench, an inlaid flagstone terrace, stone fence posts or reconstruction of an existing wall, stone mason Jonathan Pancost can coax the form you seek from the foundation materials of the Earth. Jon has wide experience in all aspects of masonry, as you can see in these photos.Stone fencing is more labor intensive, but should producers choose this avenue, the legal requirement must be 18 inches wide at the base and 12 inches side at the top. Rail fencing is another style Powell has seen used in Southeast Kansas. “At the minimum, (rail fencing) has to be four and a half foot high,” Powell said.Sep 10, 2018 · A small, one-floor stone house with a wooden door and window frames, surrounded by a stone fencing. The wood accents of this sturdy house complement well with its stone exterior. Two-story stone house with some parts accented with bricks. The house’s overall exterior revolves around warm orange and brown tones.In north-central Kansas, where woodlands are sparse and prairies expansive, rows of creamy-buff, brown-striped stone fence posts grace the landscape. These s...Apr 24, 2020 · Replacing them were steel fence posts, which were reasonably priced, readily transported and relatively easy to install. Brad Penka, a member of the Rush County His torical Society in central Kansas, estimates that fewer than 10 percent of the original stone fence lines remain. “Wood or metal posts are much light er and easier to handle ... We've found that by cutting the fence posts at a slight angle the water drains right off rather than sitting and soaking into the wood. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All Radio Show Latest Vie...In north-central Kansas, fence posts made of limestone dot the landscape. Split from a layer in the Greenhorn Limestone formation called the Fencepost limestone, stone …Stone use throughout Kansas’s history highlights its durability. Due to the lack of trees in Kansas, early stone was quarried and fabricated to create strong, durable fence posts giving the area the nickname “The Land of the Post Rock.” Your forever fence has finally arrived with this NEW Slipfence Composite Horizontal fencing system.This panel is to be purchased with the Slipfence 3 in. x 9 ft. Aluminum Post Kit: 303140549 or 3 in. x 10 ft. Aluminum post kit: 303149326, or 4 in. x 10 ft. Aluminum post kit: 320378663, or if you need a surface-mounted system onto concrete or ...Coming home through Western Kansas yesterday I snapped a pic of these stone fence posts. Sorry for not stopping to get better pictures. Just wondering if this is strictly a western Kansas thing or if you see this in other parts of the country. Your sure not going to throw 20 in the back of your p...

Stone use throughout Kansas’s history highlights its durability. Due to the lack of trees in Kansas, early stone was quarried and fabricated to create strong, durable fence posts giving the area the nickname “The Land of the Post Rock.” . Thomas tolbert

stone fence posts kansas

May 8, 2023 · 1. Upgraded Fences. You do not have to go all out with your designs every time. You can make a rather simple looking fence using fence gates and a stone wall type of block, instead of using actual fence posts. Fence gates will alter their height when they are placed next to a wall, like you can see in this design.Aug 17, 2017 · But, why are there miles of these stone fences? An historical marker on the byway explains…. “The 1867 law abolishing the open range provided for payment of 40 cents per rod (16 1/2 feet) to landowners to build and maintain a 4 1/2 foot stone fence. Stone was plentiful and our pioneers built miles of stone fences.” Mar 17, 2014 - What is more characteristic of Kansas than native stone! Kansans have used native stone for fence posts, libraries, churches, fences, bridges, and jails. This is a collection of my images of Kansas native stone structures in all of their variety and beauty. . See more ideas about kansas, my images, scenic byway.One at a time, every 15 feet, these post rocks were set. A finished fence line contained an average of 320 posts per mile. Corner posts were propped to remain in vertical position by leaning other stone posts against them at a 45-degree angle. To accommodate the barbed wire connecting the posts, each post had to be drilled at the edges.Jul 12, 2021 · For marking fence posts, any type of paint will work, so feel free to use whatever’s left over from a painting project. For trees, use only latex paint, not oil-based; the latter can be harmful ...This black and white photograph shows a view of stone fence posts in Ness or Rush County, Kansas. About Hours and directions ... KS 66615-1099 · 785-272-8681 · kshs ... Aug 16, 2022 · You can choose from stone or brick walls in different colors and textures – all of which will add character and definition to your outdoor space. 6. Stepped Wire Fence. A stepped wire fence is a type of fencing that can provide both security and aesthetic appeal to any property. The fence is made up of metal posts, connected by wires. · the distance measured between the stone posts + the depth. of 1 and 1/2 the measurement of the voids . The idea is to. insert one endof the rail into the post then swing the other. end into 'just clearing' the other post then slidingthe rail into. the the other void. then either wedgeing or pinning the rail.44 E Us Highway 69. Kansas City, MO 64119. From Business: Forged of fire and iron, and tempered with centuries of knowledge. Born of an ancient art once lost, a vision reborn to a modern age with modern purpose. Austin…. 10. Best Fence Co. Fence Materials Fence-Sales, Service & Contractors. 30. A legal fence can be constructed and composed of a number of different kinds of materials from post and rails to stone ... The posts may be not more than 48 feet ...Mar 28, 2022 · Screws connecting the post to the fence via a detachable panel. Tension bands holding wire mesh to the post. 2. Dig a hole around 1 side of the fence post. With a shovel, break into the ground surrounding the fence post’s concrete base. Keep digging until you create a half-circle gap between the ground and concrete.Carved Limestone Fence Post. Explore iatraveler's 5487 photos on Flickr! Flickr. 670k followers. Rock Fence. Kansas Usa. Usa Pride. Post Rock. Home On The Range. Scenic Byway. Fence Post. Liquor Store. Shape And Form.Greg Rud. $17. Rock Fence Post Kansas DSC06511 Photograph. Greg Kluempers. $32. 1 - 48 of 48 limestone fence posts art for sale. Department Wall Art. Product All. One of the 8 Wonders of Kansas Customs The Custom: Using natural materials for fencing Place to learn about this: Post Rock Museum, LaCrosse. Where to see the post rock fences: You can see post rock fence posts throughout the Smoky Hill Region but especially in Lincoln County (Post Rock Capital of Kansas), and Rush, Russell, and Ellis counties.Lincoln County officially became a Kansas county in 1870. Early settlers staking their claims and fencing their property lines needed an affordable material to build their fences. In this area of Kansas, near the soil surface, is a layer of limestone rock that is easily quarried and breaks into manageable chunks. Long lines of Post Rock fence posts are still seen today bordering the pastures.Meanwhile, a Kansas state law passed in 1867 provided a payment of 40 cents per rod, or 16.5 feet, to landowners who built and maintained 54-inch-tall stone fences, one of the historical markers said.3,000- 4,200lbs. -How much does your limestone weigh? Our native Kansas limestone weighs. approximately 140 lbs per cubic foot. -What are some examples of average weights of. individual items? Fence Post: (8in x 8in x 6ft) 400lbs. Lintel: (4ft x 18in x 7in) 500 lbs. -How much coverage can I get per ton? When pioneers first settled western Kansas, they found the availability of wood for fence posts almost non-existent. What they did find, was a bed of limestone buried only a few inches beneath the top soil. Peculiarly, this bed of stone was consistently about 12 inches in thickness, the perfect dimension for fence posts.When pioneers first settled western Kansas, they found the availability of wood for fence posts almost non-existent. What they did find, was a bed of limestone buried only a few inches beneath the top soil. Peculiarly, this bed of stone was consistently about 12 inches in thickness, the perfect dimension for fence posts..

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